N1: Function of peripheral and central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system; some textbooks also include sensory systems. The cranial nerves are part of the PNS. By direction. There are two types of neurons, carrying nerve impulses in different directions.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the collection point of nerve impulses. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord and connects all parts of the body to the central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system; some textbooks also include sensory systems. The cranial nerves are part of the PNS. By direction. There are two types of neurons, carrying nerve impulses in different directions.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the collection point of nerve impulses. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord and connects all parts of the body to the central nervous system.
N2: Define parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) together with the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system comprises the autonomic nervous system. Its general action is to mobilise the body in a fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls some of the muscles within the body.
N3: Identify the source gland for adrenaline and explain the role of "fight or flight".
Adrenal gland. The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.
The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.
N4: Describe the functions of the following.
The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation.
The brain stem sits beneath the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum. It connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord, which runs down your neck and back. The brain stem is in charge of all the functions your body needs to stay alive, like breathing air, digesting food, and circulating blood.
The thalamus is a structure in the middle of the brain. It is located between the cerebral cortex and the mid brain. It works to correlate several important processes, including consciousness, sleep, and sensory interpretation.
The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
The hypothalamus is a small but important part of the brain. It contains several small nuclei with a variety of functions. It plays an important role in the nervous system as well as in the endocrine system. It is linked to another small and vital gland called the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers. It is part of the endocrine system and produces critical hormones.
The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) together with the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system comprises the autonomic nervous system. Its general action is to mobilise the body in a fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls some of the muscles within the body.
N3: Identify the source gland for adrenaline and explain the role of "fight or flight".
Adrenal gland. The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.
The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.
N4: Describe the functions of the following.
The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation.
The brain stem sits beneath the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum. It connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord, which runs down your neck and back. The brain stem is in charge of all the functions your body needs to stay alive, like breathing air, digesting food, and circulating blood.
The thalamus is a structure in the middle of the brain. It is located between the cerebral cortex and the mid brain. It works to correlate several important processes, including consciousness, sleep, and sensory interpretation.
The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
The hypothalamus is a small but important part of the brain. It contains several small nuclei with a variety of functions. It plays an important role in the nervous system as well as in the endocrine system. It is linked to another small and vital gland called the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers. It is part of the endocrine system and produces critical hormones.
The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.
N5: Describe how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control center.
There are neurons in the hypothalamus that are called neurosecretory cells because they respond to neurotransmitters and also produce hormones. They pass through axons that run between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by producing hypothalamic-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. Each type of hypothalamic hormone either stimulates or inhibits production and secretion of a specific anterior pituitary hormone.
N6: Differentiate between the functions of the automatic and somatic nervous system.
Neurotransmission: The Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems. Theautonomic nervous system, also called the visceral, vegetative, or involuntary nervous system, is distributed widely throughout the body and regulates autonomic functions that occur without conscious control.
There are neurons in the hypothalamus that are called neurosecretory cells because they respond to neurotransmitters and also produce hormones. They pass through axons that run between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by producing hypothalamic-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. Each type of hypothalamic hormone either stimulates or inhibits production and secretion of a specific anterior pituitary hormone.
N6: Differentiate between the functions of the automatic and somatic nervous system.
Neurotransmission: The Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems. Theautonomic nervous system, also called the visceral, vegetative, or involuntary nervous system, is distributed widely throughout the body and regulates autonomic functions that occur without conscious control.